Importance of Learning English

TASK 1A Letter to my teacher I would like to read something that increases my interest of the world society. A literary work that will have an effect on how I see things and what I decide to do later in life. I would like to read a text that contains of a world conflict, politics, human rights or enslavement. I have read â€Å"A Thousand Splendid Suns† by Khaled Hosseini and I would like to read a factual text that has the same effect on me. I got as involved as a 15 year old from Norway could, learned more about it and took part of discussions online.The book changed my life in many ways as got a newfound respect and understanding towards developing countries. I also learned a lot about myself as a person. I learned that I want to make a difference and work as a lawyer in the UN. If I were to pick up a book today, it would have been a book about conflicts in Africa. I would like to learn more about it and try to figure out what that could have been done, and what must be done to prevent future conflicts.I believe discussing in a group session about casualty and our own opinions is going to make students, and myself, more comfortable with expressing our own ideas and how we see things later in a professional life. Having debates and discussions in class leaves the students no other options than to actually study the text and get involved. I expect that the reading project enriches my inner world, improves my grammar and my spelling. Reading gives us access to knowledge and power and can provide a lifetime of enjoyment.I also want to get a better understanding of why our world society has come to what it is today and why there are so many differences crosswise of our cultures. Especially when we are so connected in other areas like import and export, technology, the entertainment industry and communication via Internet. I want to learn how to envision our society decades ahead so that I can do my duty as a citizen and take part of the community. I underst and I may not get all of my expectations fulfilled in just one literary work, but it certainly is a start. TASK 2A The great power that comes with the English languageEnglish surrounds us every single day, whether it is through a novel, texting, chatting online, articles, slang or music. It is a widespread language that most of the non- English speaking countries use as a communication tool with other non- English and English speaking populations. Not only is it because of the United Kingdom’s colonies that English is so widespread, but also because of the great power that came with it. To this date the United Kingdom and the United States of America have had a huge impact on the world because of their literature, business opportunities, ideas for a functional society and their entertainment industry.But why is it so important for us to learn English? Communication is a keyword when discussing the importance of reading English. On the World Wide Web English is the main langua ge and on most Internet pages it is crucial that one can understand English. For instance, most of the industrial world uses the internet to stay connected, therefore being able to understand English is more crucial than ever. From a social standpoint, people who do not know how to read or write English could have big difficulties on a daily basis. For example, they often have trouble travelling.Consequently, those who are English illiterate may not be able to explore new cultures and this could keep him or her from experiential learning. The media gives people the opportunity to learn new information about the world, people, events and places. In a working life, it is important to know what is going on in the world in order to be successful, and the medias main language is of course English. With good English skills, one can also expand their companies’ horizon with international partners, which is followed by even more success.The companies can take part of a bigger interna tional community and speak to a greater public. On a global perspective, the English language in working life can also help prevent some of the poverty problems the world is facing. In addition to helping poor populations out of troubled areas, the poor society can through English communicate with other industrial countries and get collaborations in order to help not only individuals, but a society as a whole. This also helps future generations. Another thing is that some of the African countries only have 13 % gender equality because the women are unqualified.With good English skills, they could have left the country to study abroad, then return to their homeland and work for the government. The president of Liberia, Ellen Johnson is the first female president in any African country, and she studied abroad. It is important to understand that most of the responsibility lies with the government of the developing countries, but that in order for them to get there; they need not only i nformation but also knowledge on how to introduce the English language to their population.To improve my English skills, I believe I should read for enjoyment. Reading more will speed up the development of general knowledge, vocabulary and verbal fluency. Clark and Rumbold (2006, p. 6) states that reading for our own enjoyment is ‘reading that we do of our own free will, anticipating the satisfaction that we will get from the act of reading. It also refers to reading that having begun at someone else’s request we continue because we are interested in it. ’ Reading for enjoyment gives a positive attitude to reading, and the more you read the better you get.Another important factor when improving my English skills is that I have to use the language orally. This will help expand my vocabulary and improve pronunciation. There are many reasons why people should learn English. Great writing skills are sure to earn respect. On the contrary, poor writing will be difficul t to understand, and will leave a bad impression about the character. On a global perspective, it is fascinating to see how English skills can affect not only an individual, but a whole population.In addition to this, learning English will enrich your character and make you more wanted in a business context. References http://alla-kondrat. suite101. com/importance-of-good-writing-and-reading-skills-a97681 Updated: Feb 21, 2009 http://www. dailymail. co. uk/news/article-2122007/Illiterate-Britain-One-adults-struggling-read-write-t-use-chequebook. html Updated: 10:13 GMT, 29 March 2012 http://www. decd. sa. gov. au/literacy/files/links/Reading_for_Enjoyment_9_1_1. pdf Updated: Resource Paper: Consultative Draft November 2010 http://www. globalis. no/Land/Liberia/(show)/mdg Updated: unkown

Edsa Revolution Essay

Good day tourists! I’m ziel your tour guide for today and now where going to explore and see the beauty of the â€Å"resort province of the Philippines† welcome to LAGUNA!!! The Province of Laguna, which was formerly called La Laguna, was named after Laguna de Bay, the body of water that forms its northern boundary. Laguna de Bay, in turn, was named after the town of Bay (Laguna de Bay is Spanish which means â€Å"Lake of Bay†), the first provincial capital. Laguna (Tagalog: Lalawigan ng Laguna), is a province of the Philippines found in the CALABARZON region in Luzon. Its capital is Santa Cruz . Laguna hugs the southern shores of Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the country. Laguna is notable as the birthplace of Jose Rizal, the country’s national hero. There’s a lot of famous attractions like , the hot spring resorts of Los Baà ±os and Calamba on the slopes of Mount Makiling, Pila historic town plaza, Taytay Falls in Majayjay, the Hidden Valley Springs in Calauan and of course the most famous waterfalls in the philiphines PAGSANJAN FALLS!! The main falls is actually located within the boundaries of Cavinti, Laguna but access by boat originates from the town of Pagsanjan. A move by the ruling body of the town of Cavinti was submitted to the Sangguniang Bayan. Pagsanjan Falls is probably the most famous natural attraction in Laguna. However, it is actually located in Cavinti, an adjacent town to Pagsanjan, and the falls’ indigenous name is Magdapio Falls. Pagsanjan, Laguna is the jump-off point to Pagsanjan Falls. You may rent a banca or small boat to take you to the falls or â€Å"shoot the rapids.† The standard rate is about PhP 800-1000 pesos per person which includes the round-trip boat ride, entrance fees, and use of life vests. Be prepared to shell out extra for tips to boatmen; although there is a standard rate for the boat ride, you are expected to give extra tip to the boatmen, about PhP 200 per person (according to tourists who already went there). Skilled and accredited boatmen will take you on a scenic boat ride at Magdapio River in order to reach the main falls, the famous Pagsanjan Falls. They used to be wooden bancas, but nowadays, the boats are made of fiberglass. On the way, you will be treated to the sight of other minor falls (approximately 20 of them), lush vegetation, and natural rock formations. Some say that monkeys occassionally appear and they throw branches or rocks to people, so you better wear a helmet just in case. Once you reach the main falls, you can take a raft ride through the falls and get a natural â€Å"back massage.† You can also explore the Devil’s Cave behind the falls, famous for its reverberating echoes. For the raft ride, you have to pay an extra PhP 90 and tip the boatmen. The highlight of this trip is the rapid descent downstream or what is known as â€Å"shooting the rapids'†. Be prepared for the thrill of a lifetime as the expert boatmen manuever the boat skillfully through turbulent waters. It is interesting to know that a boatman is required to undergo a rigid six-month training in order to acquire a license/accreditation for guiding tourists on the ride to the falls. Bangkero is a Tagalog term given to those whose job provides a means of transportation on the river using a â€Å"bangka† (boat). The â€Å"Pagsanjan Bangkero Festival† is held every first week of March and it features exciting events on water and land like the â€Å"palarong bangkero† (fluvial parade and exhibitions), street dancing, drum and lyre band competition, chorale fest, cultural night, trade fair, sports events among others. The ‘Pagsanjan Bangkero Festival’ is inspired by and dedicated to all the bangkeros (boatmen) in Pagsanjan.. These boatmen impress one with his skill and dexterity in maneuvering his boat upstream â€Å"against wild rapids and amids a pristine panorama of lush, virgin forest.† Aside from its amazing tourist’s destinations, Laguna is also known for its delicacies and appetizing food products. Almost every town has its own particular product with its distinct taste that is mainly raised in the town. Here is a list of the delicacies to look for when you happen to pass by or visit Laguna. Buko pie is a famous delicacy of Los Baà ±os town in Laguna province. Mer-Nel’s chocolate cake is the favorite cake in Los Baà ±os, Laguna. The cake is moist and light, while the icing is sweet chocolate with a hint of milk. Kesong puti or white cheese is widely produced in Santa Cruz, Laguna, and the town of its origin. Monay is widely available in local bakeries but the monay in Bay, Laguna is deliciously different. Espasol (rice pudding) is a native Filipino sweet treat made from rice flour and coconut strips cooked in coconut milk. The cooked pudding is shaped into cylinders and then rolled into toasted rice flour. It is believed that espasol originated from Laguna, Philippines. Uraro or arrowroot cookies are popular in Laguna province. These cookies are delicate and powdery, and feel dry on the mouth like puto seko (although puto seko is much drier). Usually, uraro is shaped into flowers and wrapped in a thin paper called â€Å"papel de hapon.† Bibingka. There are are many versions of bibingka in the Philippines but when you are in Laguna, the bibingka of Pagsanjan is the must-try delicacy. Just like the adobo which has many versions, there are many variants of bibingka (or rice cake) in the Philippines. But when you are in Laguna, the bibingka of Pagsanjan is the must-try delicacy. The typical ingredients of bibingka are rice flour, coconut milk and eggs usually topped with grated coconut, salted egg or white cheese. But Pagsanjan’s bibingka does not have any of these toppings at all; it may look simple but it really tastes delicious as it is. The traditional way of cooking bibingka is rather interesting. Instead of the typical gas or electric oven, a clay pot is used; banana leaves are used to line the clay pot and hot coals are put below and on top of the clay pot in order to cook the bibingka batter. So what are you waiting for? Visit Laguna and try these delicious and mouth-watering foods that you’ll surely love.

Market Structure of the mining industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Market Structure of the mining industry - Essay Example Secondly, the industry bears a global trait as the largest companies come from distinct countries, including the developing nations (Shapiro, Rusell & Pitt, 2007). More to these, a lot of capital gets invested in this industry, which makes it capital intensive. Fatal injuries also characterize the mining industry according to Gunningham (2007). The ore bodies in this industry also have a relatively short productive life expectancy. More to these, the industry hires technicians to conduct the various processes, as well as engineers and geologists for short periods. In addition, areas affected by mining activities lack development, due to the negative environmental impacts of mining activities (Marinos, 2001). Gross defines an iron ore â€Å"as any merchantable or beneficiated mineral aggregate, that occurs in sufficient quantity to be a sustained supply of raw material to industry, and from which iron can be satisfactorily recovered under existing economic conditions or which may be usable in anticipated economic circumstances† (Geology Report No. 22). This means that iron ore mining serves as an important economic activity as it leads to the derivation of profits. In Minnesota, for example, this industry greatly affects the region. It contributes billions of dollars to the state’s economy. More to this, it accounted for 11,200 jobs in 2010 in the area, and pays huge taxes to the state, thus boosting the economic capacity of the region. Additionally, the industry supports local schools in Minnesota, thus highlighting the significance of this industry, wherever the activity takes place (â€Å"Minnesota iron Organization†, 2014). Various characteristics can be associated with this type of mining. First, iron deposits can be classified into three types. The first one relates to iron deposits that are suitable for iron ore in their natural condition. The second type refers to iron deposits

Sales and Advertising marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sales and Advertising marketing - Assignment Example Their main aim has been to capture the young audience especially male who have been the main users of the app. The management at subway has ceased this opportunity to front their ads in this android platform. This move is a timely one for subway with expectations that the number of hours in watching the video game through this app will rise in the next three years (Chung, 2015). The rate of growth by this app has continuously tapped many audiences from opponent game contest that has caused them a lot of discomforts amid increasing competition from the e-sport app. However the calculation of these figures should be done with caution to avoid exaggerations caused by overlapped usage This article focuses on the mobile gadget, which runs on an android platform as a media of its dissemination. This is probably because of the wide variety of these gadgets available to users. These devices range from smart phones to tablet available from diverse dealers, which are very common among numerous users especially among youths. The major points covered in this article are the growth rate in the usage of this app which is combined with the age that is prevalent in using the app. Similarly, the article outlines the reason for the involvement of Subway in the article at length and clearly points out its benefit to them. Finally the reading stresses on the future expected position in the market which aims to encourage even more endorsers. Subway’s use of this media to promote their ads is an important step in the Canadian advertising industry as it acts as a benchmark to others in the market. This article articulates the success of apps as an advertisement strategy where many industries can reach many clients through the mobile gadgets where the apps run. The potential of the apps for future market is clearly demonstrated when the article emphasizes on the expected growth in coming years. This aids advertising sector to devise appropriate advertisements meant

Urbanization essay 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Urbanization 2 - Essay Example and the modern, bustling city of Toronto, has earned it a tourist destination reputation not only among nearby Canadian provinces but also to people outside the national boundaries. Through the years, the attractions offered by The Beaches has developed it into an urbanized neighborhood characterized by its highly diverse cultural structure, moderately dense population and its proximity to the rest of the city. According to the 2006 statistics released by the Social Policy Analysis & Research Section in the Social Development, Finance and Administrative Division of the city of Toronto, the Beaches has a total population of 20, 420. Furthermore, the statistics show that a large component of its population belongs to the working age, viz., 25-64% (see Fig. 1). Thus, a visit to The Beaches, especially its more busy areas like the Queen Street East strip, during the daytime on weekends reveals this evident demographic constitution: couples in their mid-forties, and middle-aged individuals can be found packing its numerous restaurants, diners and cafes and skimming through shops and grocery stores. There is a comparatively lesser presence of teen-agers and the younger set except for the occasional little children and babies in strollers out on the side streets with adults hovering over and walking with them. As a matter of fact according to the same statistics, only 10% of the population belong s to the age group 15-24, while children from ages 0 to 14 constitute 17% of it. Compared to the rest of Toronto, The Beaches has lower number of individuals in the age group of 15-24, higher number of children from ages 0 to 4 and lower number of children in the 5-14 age group. On the other hand, individuals whose ages range from and up constitute just a mere 9% of The Beaches population lower by comparison to the rest of Toronto. Looking at the gender distribution in The Beaches neighborhood, no one sex group seems to dominate the neighborhood as there is an equal number,

Winston Churchill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Winston Churchill - Essay Example In his essay â€Å"Scaffolding of Rhetoric† Churchill wrote: â€Å"Sometimes a slight and not unpleasing stammer or impediment has been of some assistance in securing the attention of the audience†. Over the years of training, Churchill learned to use his voice with the highest level of mastery. He skilfully utilized the means of language such as detailed descriptions, stately sentences, metaphors, analogies, humor, resounding perorations, etc. as well as means of voice performed by influential intonation, which became a part of so-called Churchill's â€Å"personal style†: â€Å"There was imagery, color and history. Churchill crafted an interwoven set of traits that made a unique rhetorical persona... His speeches have a â€Å"Churchill quality†... a â€Å"Churchill approach† to public speaking†. Winston Churchill was also an acknowledged writer and received Nobel Prize a literature, making the language the main actor of his speeches.Among th e other elements of successful public speaking Churchill pointed out thorough preparation, emphatic beginning and focusing on ideas. All his speeches, Churchill prepared personally and beforehand. For many times Winston Churchill rehearsed, rewrote and edited his speeches. He could work out separate phrases for several days, weeks and even months, writing down the most important of them into a special notebook. Churchill admitted that he could not write fast enough and all his speeches were a result of hard work. He said that precise improvisation existed only in the imagination of the audience.

Oratorical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Oratorical Analysis - Essay Example On June 12, 2005 Jobs was asked to deliver the commencement address for Stanford University in Palo Alto, California. His humorous and yet serious speech is available on You Tube and also the text of it is available at the University’s web site (2005). In that talk, Mr. Jobs talked about four distinct points: 1) His early life through college, 2) His tenure and abrupt departure from Apple and career thereafter 3) Jobs’ cancer diagnosis and facing death before fifty and 4) The concluding statements. This paper will then attempt to give an Oratorical Analysis on that speech and including the text, along with the You Tube video, other information will be gleaned as needed from Biography’s work on Mr. Jobs (Biography 2012). I. Early Life Steven Paul Jobs was born on February 24, 1955 in San Francisco, California. His father was a Syrian professor at the University of Wisconsin and his mother, Joanne Schieble, was a graduate student. Yet there were two very big proble ms, at least for the post McCarthy and I Like Ike United States of America of 1955. First, his parents were unwed and that was the time period females were sent away in shame if they became pregnant, for they were in â€Å"trouble†. The second and equally just as terrible major issue was that his biological father was Syrian, Abdulfattah Jandali. Biracial relationships were a definite taboo although his parents eventually also produced a daughter, whom Steve Jobs finally met in the eighties. So his mother decided long before Steve’s birth to give him up for adoption. The one stipulation she had was her child be raised by college graduates and the adoption was arranged for a lawyer and his life. Yet there was a huge problem with that; they wanted a girl and Steve was definitely a boy. So they rejected the infant sight unseen. A hasty replacement was obtained with a couple named Clara and Paul Jobs from the Silicon Valley. Although hard working (Clara was an accountant a nd Paul was a machinist) neither had graduated college. As a matter of fact Paul Jobs had never even graduated from high school! Schieble was so upset that she put the adoption on hold for many months before she finally relented, after a compromise was reached and the Jobs’ promised that young Steven would eventually attend college. He eventually met his mother and knew who his father was, although they did not connect. Jobs sarcastically referred to his birth parents as a sperm and egg bank. By all accounts Steven had a happy childhood and it was probably through Paul Jobs that the boy developed his life’s work, for man and son spent many enriching hours in the family garage tinkering with electronics. Yet for all of his accomplishments the boy was not very good in school, even though he tested so highly in elementary school that the educators wanted to propel him forward to high school, a proposition that his parents did not approve. A good part of Jobs’ free thinking philosophy was no doubt shaped by the turbulent decade of the sixties, the very years of young Steven’s formative years. One needs to only watch singer Billy Joel’

Statement of purpose Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Statement of purpose - Essay Example After a lot of discussions; through my persistency, I was able to convince the authorities to grant us special entry to the match. Born in Iran, I grew up in Canada where I completed my primary school education. I moved back to Iran for four years and attended the first years of high school. My parents then sent me to my sister in Germany where I encountered numerous challenges. Initially, I was to pursue an academic career but got misplaced in the lowest school track â€Å"Hauptschule† within the German tripartite school system. Nevertheless, I worked my way up the system to the â€Å"Gymnasium† and passed my A-levels. I then joined Georg-Simon-Ohm University for Applied Sciences in Nuremberg for my undergraduate studies majoring in International Business. I won the Persian Language Olympics and was a finalist in the German School Debating Championship is testimony of my hard work and positive attitude. In addition, the debating tournaments developed my effective commu nication skills and reasoned arguments, an ability useful in my current position to gain the buy in from stakeholders. I have been working in the Siemens Corporate Sustainability Office in a consulting capacity, in Germany, since April 2010. Siemens is a leading company in Sustainability. In Siemens we implement sustainability strategies, coordinate companywide programs and global initiatives. I am involved in program development, driving employee engagement activities and collaborating with internal and external stakeholders as part of my daily routine. I learnt of Sustainability during my internship at Fiat Professional where I developed the communication strategy and roll out plan for the communication campaign. It was then that I knew there were bigger prospects in the horizon. I got the urge to introduce something that would have an impact to future generations. During a project at Siemens Corporate supply & purchasing chain, I successfully developed and incorporated sustainabi lity criteria into the supplier evaluation process. It is while working on this that my passion in Sustainability was confirmed. I want to further my education in Sustainability Management since my plans are to engage in Sustainability throughout my career. I find your program appealing as it takes a holistic approach to Sustainability. Masters in Sustainability Management in Columbia University stands out because of its unique partnership with Earth Institute. This offers first class scientific perspective on Sustainability issues. In exchange, I would offer my expertise knowledge through my extensive work experience at Siemens Corporate Sustainability. My experience has given me the potential to make positive contributions to the courses as other learners would learn from me too. My international background has enabled me to understand and work with different perspectives and opinions which are significant for the topic of Sustainability. I have also established networks with othe r companies. For instance, the One Young World Conference in 2011, where young professionals from around the world gathered to discuss pressing global and environmental issues and Sustainability concerns. I was selected to be a Siemens delegate. In 2012, I will be a returning delegate for Siemens. After completing my studies, I plan to return to Siemens to share what I learnt at Columbia University and put in my persistency and ambitions to help Siemens keep

Property and Trust Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Property and Trust - Case Study Example Beneficial ownership is of two types joint tenants and tenants in common. If they are joint tenants, then the property cannot be sold without the agreement of the joint tenants. If the property is owned as tenants in common, each of them will have a share in the property that they can dispose off as they wish and the discretionary powers vested with them are that they can decide how much each share will be. These people can will their share in case of their death. Transactions involving real estate whether buying or selling shall be recorded in writing. The important stages in this process are the agreement, the exchange of contracts and the completion. An agreement is defined as where the buyer inspects the property and agrees to pay the price to the seller. In the absence of an agreement the general rule is that everything attached to the property will automatically becomes the property of the buyer. The solicitors and conveyancers will carry out the legal procedure in regard to sa le of property. In this process the seller's solicitor obtains the seller's title deeds prepares a contract and sends it to the buyer's solicitor. Solicitors do not make any enquiries as to the state of repair of the property. The solicitors of both the buyer and seller will exchange the signed contract. The deposit is paid at this stage and the contract becomes binding, subsequently, the completion date is fixed. The Buyer's Solicitors send the Stamp Duty Land Transaction Return to the Revenue with payment of any stamp duty. The Deeds have then to be registered at the Land Registry. Certain fees such as the Value Added Tax on the fees, money payable to the Local Authority and Water Authority, money payable to Land Charges Registry for searches and copies of the Deeds, Land Registry Dealings fees and Stamp Duty Land Tax are to be complied with1. In our present case the property is purchased by the five friends jointly and thus they became "Tenants in Common". In this context, the members can transfer their share of property to whomsoever they wish to through a will. Friends or relatives, who are buying together often, choose to be tenants in common. Thus in other words each of the members owns a specific share of property but does not necessarily have to have equal shares. The share in the property of any member, who dies, does not automatically devolve on to the other legal owners. It goes to the person who was nominated in the will or if there is no will it passes on to the next of kin. Tenancy in common refers to a form of shared ownership where two or more persons own land without the right of survivorship. Tenancy in common is often implemented in cases where property owners are engaged in an attempt to reduce inheritance taxes. If the property was owned as a tenancy in common, then the question of who inherits the dece ased person's share is determined by the terms of their will or in the absence of a will by the laws of intestacy. In case the property was held under joined tenancy the surviving owner inherits automatically and this is not subject to the will or law of intestacy. When the property was owned solely by the deceased or jointly by owners who have died, the terms of their will determines who inherits however, if there is no wi

Plankton Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Plankton - Research Paper Example The third category, though rarely considered in most cases, comprises of bacteria which mostly feed on dead matter leaving only a few that are photosynthetic. Majority of the planktons can only be viewed with the help of powerful microscope although some larger animals that include jellyfish, shrimps fall in this category by virtue of their floating lifestyle (Ocean News, 2013). In addition to this, most plankton are able to make slight vertical movements along the water column, although some are unable to do anything but only be carried passively by the water current. PLANT PLANKTON (PHYTOPLANKTON) Phytoplankton or plant plankton carries out three major roles that are crucial to general life on earth. These include i. Provision of close to 50% oxygen found on earth’s atmosphere ii. Regulation of carbon dioxide levels within the water and in the atmosphere iii. They occupy the primary level of the aquatic food webs Microscopic algae are the most common phytoplankton. The amoun t and distribution of planktons depends much on the amount of light, availability of nutrients and the steadiness of water layers. For instance, the region around New Zealand experiences the springtime bloom in which case phytoplankton algae extensively cover the surface of water bodies. Such is the case that during this period the temperature is high, sunlight hours increase while nutrients are readily available. This comes following the stirring of storms and the winter cooling. Under such conditions, the phytoplankton undergoes a rapid growth and reproduction (Boney, 1975). In fact, it is said that the reproduction process doubles with each new day, a situation that sometimes escalate to reach nuisance proportions (Bolli, Saunders & Nielsen 1985). At its peak growth, the toxicity level increases and the oxygen in water reduce and at its worst, it is depleted. However, the phytoplankton often depletes their nutrients prior to this. The phytoplankton population is controlled by the grazing Zooplankton. The three major phytoplankton types include: i) Diatoms: This is formed of single cells that are covered within cases of silica (glass). Each of this case comprises two interlocking parts and fine holes that allow nutrients in and waste to move out. These organisms, that also form the photosynthetic group, live mostly in the ocean, and only a small group inhabiting fresh water. ii) Dinoflagellates: The name is derived from the two whip-like extensions (flagella) used to make forward movement. This group takes in the predatory species as well as the photosynthetic members (Tomas, & Hasle, 1997). Red tide is a term used when referring to masses of red-brown dinoflagellates found clustering in surface water bodies. iii) Desmids: These represent the freshwater photo-synthesizers, which are closely associated with green seaweeds. They bear a resemblance to little miniature barbells or green cylinders and are mostly found in rivers and lakes. ANIMAL PLANKTON (ZOOPLAN KTON) The Zooplankton serves as a bridge between the plant plankton, which are food producers, and the larger sea animals. Size has been found to play a major role when it comes to the survival in the sea, with the larger sized planktons getting an advantage over the small sized. Here, the single –celled animal plankton feed on plant plankton or even sometimes ingest one another (Plankton.1976). The larger or multi celled zooplanktons such as crustaceans, jelly fish and arrow

The cardinal rule Essay Example for Free

The cardinal rule Essay The cardinal rule in creating a presentation is that the opening must be able to immediately engage the audience and capture their attention. While it is also important to maintain the interest of the audience all throughout the presentation, the first five (5) minutes of the presentation are the most crucial. It is more difficult to capture the attention and captivate the audience during the course of the presentation. This is the reason why any opening presentation must be able to draw the audience in and the body of the presentation (assuming that it is a very good one or interesting for that matter) will take care of the rest. It is important to remember however that mere gimmickry or showmanship will not do the trick as the opening presentation must also contain substance because the primary goal of any presentation is to inform and not just entertain. The key mistakes that presenters often make is to create such an entertaining and amusing opening presentation that it acts as a distraction and makes the audience remember only the opening but not the other relevant segments of the presentation. An example of this would be the presentation of an ad agency agent in front of the Marketing Board of PepsiCo. The presenter had a whole array of media equipment at this disposal and even had mascots during the opening presentation. While the board was initially impressed, the failure of the presenter was that the hype and excitement that he managed to generate at the opening could not be sustained throughout the presentation. The end result was that he lost the contract and all that could be remembered from this presentation was the opening. An effective opening presentation must therefore be entertaining and informative enough to capture that attention of the target audience but it must not be the highlight of the presentation. Remember, it is the entire presentation itself that matters and not just the opening.

Is Chinas Rise A Threat To International Stability Politics Essay

Is Chinas Rise A Threat To International Stability Politics Essay The rise of China is undoubtedly going to have an impact on international affairs and politics throughout the twenty-first century. Chinas extraordinary economic growth and active diplomacy are already transforming East Asia, and future decades will see even greater increases in Chinese power and influence. Will Chinas rise be a threat to international stability? In an effort to maintain international peace at the end of World War II 1939-1945, the Allies formed the United Nations, which officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, of which the Republic of China (ROC) was a member. Soon after the end of World War II, conflict flared again in many parts of the world. In China, nationalist and communist forces quickly resumed their civil war. In 1949, the Communist Party of China seized power in mainland China and declared the Peoples Republic of China, claiming to have replaced the ROC as the sole legitimate government of China and the ROC government withdrew to Taiwan. The Cold War period 1947-1991, saw a continuing state of political conflict, military tension, and economic competition existing after World War II. The Cold War was characterized by the tension between the two contending superpowers the United States and the Soviet Union, and two competing ideologies communism and democracy. The Soviet Union and China were aligned through communism. Chinas leverage in the Cold War was primarily determined by its enormous size. With the largest population and occupying the third largest territory in the world, China was a factor that neither superpower could ignore. Although China was a major Cold War player, its capacity and will to influence global issues and international affairs were inevitably compromised by the fact that it was backward in technology and economic development, which allowed the United States to be prevalent in world politics. After the Cold War the Soviet Union and China moved toward free markets, and they seemed headed for political freedom as well. However, what has emerged is an authoritarian system in which the leaders of Communist Party of China control their countries newly capitalist national economies. China is well on its way to becoming a formidable global power. The size of its economy has quadrupled since the launch of market reforms in the late 1970s and, by some estimates, will double again over the next decade. It has become one of the worlds major manufacturing centres and consumes roughly a third of the global supply of iron, steel, and coal. It had accumulated massive foreign reserves, worth more than USD $1 trillion by the end of 2006. The growth of the Chinese economy and its influence on the world markets has allowed it to become more prevalent in world politics. As a great power and emerging superpower, Chinas foreign policy and strategic thinking is highly influential. China officially states it unswervingly pursues an independent foreign policy of peace. The fundamental goals of this policy are to preserve Chinas independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity, create a favorable international environment for Chinas reform.  [1]  Ever since its creation the PRC has sought to increase its power in relation to its regional neighbours and other international powers, especially the United States and the now defunct Soviet Union. To a large extent Chinas rise has been based upon avoiding military actions although it is not averse to causing regional and international instability. Whilst China has attempted successfully to become a major economic power it has not reduced its powerful armed forces, or stopped its support for rogue states and that does worry its neighbours, especially Taiwan. Some are concerned about the threat posed by Ch inas rise feeling it is potentially dangerous due to the decline of the United States and its own unpredictable foreign policy, not to mention its backing of countries that are determined to undermine global stability. The growth of Chinas economy and its military strength has allowed it to become much more dominant in world affairs in recent decades. The recent financial crisis has created a power shift because the emerging economies, especially China and India, managed to avoid the worst of the crisis. It was not a complete decoupling as both still depend heavily on the United States and Europe for exports, but the trend is moving in a key direction. In 2010, China expects to hit double digit growth this year and India is expected to grow 8.75 per cent. China and India will be important centres for innovation and manufacturing in the decades ahead. China is likely to become the world powerhouse for intellectual property. China has the worlds third largest patent office and over one million patent applications are filed in China every year. Experts tip that China and India will create new trading blocs that will sideline the United States and Western Europe. A Free Trade Agreement between the Association of South East Asian Nations and China came into effect on New Years Day. It created the worlds third largest free trade bloc behind the European Union and the North American Free Trade. This will have a significant impact on the future direction of global world markets and the traditional eastern reliance on the United States. One of the fastest growing economies in the world today, China has extended its tentacles into every realm possible, replacing Germany as the worlds biggest exporter and fast catching up the US in military capacity. Undeniably, the rise of china has been advantageous to the world in several aspects, such as faster world economic growth and the alleviation of global poverty. This is largely due to chinas expansionary economic policy which aims to assist China in achieving rapid economic development. In this process, economic links have been established with several countries. Chinas rise helps global integration via the signing of Free Trade Agreements, improving standard of living in the world due to economic development. China is reported to have replaced the US as the worlds largest energy consumer, as it continues to absorb natural resources. This has assisted several African countries such as Nigeria which are resource rich, in achieving greater progress to prosperity, easing extreme poverty in those countries as well. To a large extent, it is conclusive to say the world has benefited from Chinas rise and it continues to play an important role the global economy. Given todays increased conne ctedness among countries as a result of globalization, China can be a stabilizing force in managing more serious world threats such as financial meltdown, contagious diseases, provocative acts by rogue counties as well as terrorism and climate change. Chinas rise is needed to assist the process of global integration, through utilization of its influence on the developing world.

Waste Management Of A Fast Food Restaurant Environmental Sciences Essay

Waste Management Of A Fast Food Restaurant Environmental Sciences Essay Schroeder (2007) explains operations management is a part of business that is concerned with the production of goods and services, and employs the task of ensuring that business operations are efficient and effective. It is also concerned with the management of resources and the distribution of goods and services to customers. Naylor (2002) says that operations management is the study that focuses on the effective planning, scheduling, employing, and controlling of a manufacturing or service organisation with the help of concepts from quality management, production management, inventory management, accounting, and other functional areas as they affect the organisation. The organization is basically a fast food restaurant and it is not possible to completely eradicate the waste, but lot of waste is a problem. Minimisation is the best and most cost-effective solution by changing operational activities in the organization. The organization is basically a fast food restaurant and it is n ot possible to completely eradicate the waste, but lot of waste is a problem. Minimisation is the best and most cost-effective solution by changing operational activities in the organization. According to Dr Jones, an anthropologist at the University of Arizonas Bureau for Applied Research in Anthropology: Huge amounts of food are being wasted throughout the industry. A proportion of this waste is inevitable, but a large part of it can be eliminated and lead to increased profit, not only through cutting losses but also through increasing efficiency. The organization has adapted the principals of HACCP, hazard analysis critical control point, which the European Union has issued for food hygiene and to help adopt a risk based safety management system. This Regulation with no option has to be implemented in the fast food industries (EU, 2004). This prohibits the organization to use the expired food to be used because this is illegal in the eyes of law. The research looks at the decision of forecasting the overestimation of the food by the operation managers at times. This expired food can no longer be used and it turns into waste without providing any profit but just the loss to the organization. Thus, managers seek to balance the cost of carrying high stocks with the risk of waste or non-service after a stock out and should understand the importance of inventory management (Silver et al, 1998). Control can be expensive and invasive for those engaged in the tasks. The manager, therefore, must understand how control can be exercised as well as how much is needed (ibid). Operational activities need to be monitored and controlled so that they can achieve their targets in terms of efficiency, effectiveness and, where appropriate, equity (Wild, 1991). According to Johnston et al (2006), operations management is concerned with the production of good and services and it involves the responsibility of ensuring that business operations are effective and efficient. The seven principles of HACCP: 1. List of all potential hazards Few potential hazards are associated with each step, conduct a hazard analysis, and also consider any measures to control the identified hazards. The HACCP team should conduct a hazard analysis to identify the hazards and also to know which hazards are of such a nature that their elimination or reduction is essential to acceptable levels for the production of safe food. The following principles should be included in conducting the hazard analysis wherever possible: The likely occurrence of significant hazards The qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the presence of hazards Multiplication of microorganisms is needed to be closely observed Production or continuous in foods of toxins, chemicals or physical agents. 2. Determine critical control points This step is used for the determination of critical control points in the production points in the production process. If this subsequent step further used in the production Process can eliminate the hazard or to reduce it to an acceptable level, if the answer is yes than we can say that it is not a CCP, if the answer is no then it is named as CCP. 3. Establish critical limits for each CCP Critical points are to be established for each product for the safety of the product. Critical limits are derived from scientific data, regulatory standards and guidelines. 4. Establish a monitoring system for each CCP Someone from the HACCP team needs to monitor the critical limit of the significant hazard. Monitoring can be done by measurement or observation; sample planning can be done by taking the samples. According Mortimore the most common measurements taken are Time access Temperature measurement PH measurement Moisture content 5. Establish corrective actions Corrective actions are established when the CCP is not within the established limits. The control of hazards is recovered by applying corrective actions. 6. Establish verification procedures Verification procedures should be established to know whether the system is working or not. This step determines the confirmation of all the above steps. According to Mortimore CCPs should be kept under control whenever possible to confirm the capacity of all elements of HACCP plan. 7. Establish documentation and record keeping According to Edelstein to demonstrate whether the HACCP system is working properly or not established record keeping and documentation procedures are necessary. Examples for records are corrective actions taken, CCP monitoring records and records of deviation. The management has to look towards the possible risks that might hinder the growth of the organisation which may be because of the operational inefficiencies. Managing risk is one of the primary objectives of the firms and mainly managers lack in anticipating variation or negative variation in business outcome variables such as revenues, costs, profit, market share, and so on (Miller, 1992). The concept of risk as performance variable is mainly used in operations, finance and strategic management terms which refers to variation in corporate outcomes or performance that can not be predicted (March and Shapira, 1987). Therefore, the researcher believes that the operational managers of KFC should review risks towards the brand image, market share and follow the ongoing activities and review and alter them, if required, to achieve the service outputs as determined by the organization for its future growth and survival and to get a competitive advantage over its rivals. DEFINITION OF WASTE It is hard to define waste because one person who thinks the object is waste may be the same object be valuable to some other person. According to EC waste framework directive of 1975 waste can be defined as Any substance or object which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard (in the categories set out in Annex 1 of the directive). According to the German Act of August 27 1993 waste can be defined as, wastes are portable objects that have been abandoned by the owner. Waste was defined as any substance or object in the categories set out in the original Waste Framework Directive (waste framework directive 1975) Production or consumption residues not otherwise specified below Off- specification products Products whose date for appropriate use has expired Materials spilled, lost or having undergone other mishap, including any materials, equipment, etc., contaminated as a result of the mishap. Materials contaminated or soiled as a result of planned actions for example residues from cleaning operations, packing, materials, containers, etc. Unusable parts for example reject batteries, exhausted catalysts, etc Substances which no longer perform satisfactorily Residues of industrial processes Residues from pollution abatement processes for example spent filters, scrubber sludges. Machining or finishing residues Residues from raw material extraction processing for example oil field slops. Adulterated materials i.e. oils contaminated with PCBs, etc Any materials, substances or products resulting from remedial action with respect to land. Products for which the holder has no further use these include agricultural, household, office, commercial and shop discards etc. Contaminated materials, substances or products resulting from remedial action with respect to land. Any materials, substances or product which are not contained in the above categories. CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE Wastes are classified as solid, liquid and gaseous waste by taking their physical state into consideration. According White solid waste can further be classified by its original use like food waste and packaging waste, by materials we use like paper and glass, by physical properties as combustible, compostable, recyclable: by origin like household, commercial, agricultural and industrial waste and is also classified by safety levels like hazardous and non hazardous waste. Commercial waste: the solid waste generated by offices, restaurants, warehouses, institutions and non manufacturing activities at industrial facilities. Food waste: putrescible solid material including animal and vegetable waste resulting from handling, storage, sale, preparation, cooking, or serving of foods. Primarily food waste originates in home kitchens, stores, restaurants, and other places where normally food is stored, prepared, or served. Industrial waste: solid waste generated by manufacturing or industrial processes, excluding waste resulting from oil or gas drilling, production and treatment operations; overburden, spoil, or tailings result from mining; or solution mining brine and insoluble component wastes. WASTE POLICIES AND STRATEGIES The system of waste management needs to be sustainable and likely to be integrated environmentally, economically and socially. The strategies include: Reducing the amount of waste generated Developing integrated waste management systems to handle the inevitable waste produced. Integrated waste management system combines waste streams, waste collection, treatment and disposal methods, with the objective achieving environmental benefits, economic optimisation and societal acceptability. This will lead to a practical waste management system for any specific reason. Five principles are recommended by EU for waste management Waste management hierarchy is the main intention of the European waste management policy. The first strategy is to prevent the generation of waste and also to reduce harm caused by it. Waste can be reused, recovered and to optimise the disposal finally. Producer responsibility: product manufactures also have an increased share in the responsibility of dealing with the waste that arises from their product. Self sufficiency in waste disposal facilities at regional, sub- regional and national levels. Proximity: waste should be disposed at a close point where it is being generated. Best available technique not entailing excessive costs: pollution should be prevented as much as possible, be reasonable to implement in financial terms. RESTAURANT AND WASTE Wastes from restaurants can be classified as solid waste by its physical state. It consists of different materials such as food waste, paper, plastic bottles, packaging waste etc. By origin waste generated from restaurant is included as commercial waste. Paper Paper was first produced by the Chinese minister of agriculture Tsai Luin in AD 105 And we can say that still it is the standard of communication between most offices ( waste watch 2004) Waste paper across Europe is marked into different categories based on the quality. Some of them are cardboard, newspapers, white office paper, brown paper bags, wraping papers. According to Williams, 2005 waste paper of low quality can be mainly used for packaging material and also this constitutes the main route for recycling paper and board. According to Murray, 1999 the best example for waste of waste is office paper in London. Packaging We can say the major component of the commercial waste stream is packaging waste. It normally includes paper and cardboard, plastics,glass, metals, food and drink cans or bottles. According to Department of the Environment and Welsh Office, 1995 the best environmental option which can be practised for packaging waste is to minimize the usage and reuse wherever possible, which may be followed by recovery by recycling or energy recovery. Plastics Plastics are the most hazardous problem in the world. A high proportion of waste is made by plastic polymers, the range and volume used is increasing day by day. According to Williams, 2005 bottles, plastic bags, foil wraps are the main cause for waste arising in the commercial waste stream. Plastic type Typical application 1.Thermoplastics High density polyethylene (HDPE) Low density poly ethylene (LDPE) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Polystyrene (PS) Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) Polypropylene (PP) Bottles for household chemicals, bottle caps, toys, house wares Bags, sacks, bin liners, squeezy bottles, cling film, containers Blister packs, food trays, bottles, toys, cable insulation, wallpaper, flooring, cling film Egg cartons yoghurt pots, drinking cups, tape cassettes Carbonated drink bottles, food packaging Margarine tubs, crisp packets, packaging film Office equipment Equipments used for offices generally includes printers, photocopiers, scanners, computers, printer cartridges, cables, fasteners such as pens, staples, drawing pins, paper, diskettes etc. The need for raw materials such as oil which is used in the making of plastics can be reduced by recycling. By reformatting the diskettes they can be reused. If one staple is saved by everyone in the offices of UK it is estimated that 72 tonnes of metal material can be saved every year( waste watch 2004). Food According to EC regulation No 178/2002 food can be defined as any substance or product, whether processed, partially processed or unprocessed, intended to be, or reasonably expected to be ingested by humans. Waste minimization Waste minimization can be defined as the reduction of waste at source, by understanding and changing processes to reduce and prevent waste. This is also known as process or resource efficiency. Waste minimization includes the substitution of less environmentally harmful materials in the production process. Waste minimization programme of an organisation or industry should be an organized, comprehensive and continual effort. The technique adopted for this can be broadly categorized as Source reduction and Recycling ( on-site and off-site) The final unavoidable waste can be treated and disposed. Minimizing the amount of things that are meant to be disposed by the owner mentions third least option of waste minimization. Source reduction Source reduction can be defined as any practice which reduces the amount of any hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant entering any waste stream or otherwise released into the environment prior to recycling, treatment, or disposal and reduces hazards to public health and the environment associated with their release. The National Recycling Coalition (NRC) defines source reduction as any action that avoids the creation of waste by reducing waste at the source, including redesigning of products or packaging so that less material is used, making voluntary or imposed behavioural changes in the use of materials or increasing durability or reusability of materials. This definition implies actions intended to encourage conservation of materials. Source Reduction Programme According to Sasikumar promoting source reduction is important because it conserves the resources, reduces disposal costs and pollution, and teaches conservation and prevention. It is a practical approach consisting of the following basic elements; Reduced material use in product manufacture Increased useful life of product through durability and reparability Decreased toxicity Material reuse Reduced/ more efficient consumer use of materials Increased production efficiency resulting in less production waste. It should be noted that focusing only on recycling might give the impression that recycling will take care of all our waste problems. Source reduction and recycling can be promoted simultaneously and can be recognized as the key component of integrated waste management. A special advantage of source reduction is that it offers several opportunities for cost savings such as: Direct savings Avoided waste collection, transportation, disposal costs Decreased pollution control, liability and regulatory compliance cost Reduced product and material use and disposal costs Why waste minimization is important Few reasons for importance of waste minimization Businesses are facing stricter regulatory requirements in the management transportation, and disposal of hazardous waste. The number of hazardous waste disposal facilities has decreased. There are greater restrictions in the use of landfills. Transportation and disposal costs are rising The long- term liability associated with handling and disposal of hazardous waste is substantial. Causes of waste generation The principal causes of waste generation are categorised in the following way Manufacturing / production Production planning Employee behaviour Economic factors Others Manufacturing / production Rejection for cosmetic reasons for example colour Machinery failures especially freezers Overfilling / short filling Packaging design can encourage over-purchase Requirement to show dates on product packaging, when the product could be sold unpackaged Process by-product Production planning Errors in demand forecasting and matching production to demand Impact of weather and extraordinary events Impact of price competition Retailers changing their mind at short notice Deliveries arrive too early Employee behaviour Operator error Lack of awareness of cost of waste disposal and value of the wasted food resource Sub- optimal segregation of reject between reuse and waste Deliberate damage by disaffected employees Theft Economic factors Cost of repackaging Commercial viability of redistribution Geographical constraints on redistribution Others Cancelled promotions Product packaging trials Corporate liquidations Waste management methods The methods used for managing food waste Land disposal: includes all landfill activities plus lagoon disposal and deep injection to borehole when these are used as disposal methods. Land recovery: includes spreading waste on land and surface injection( of organic waste for beneficial treatment of agricultural land), and disposal of waste to land under provisions of waste licensing exemption. Re-use: covers only wastes that go off-site re-use excludes materials which are re-used on-site(i.e. fed back into manufacturing process). Recycling: like re-use, includes only waste that go off-site including materials such as oils and solvents which may be regenerated or re-defined. Thermal: covers incineration with and without energy recovery and the production of waste derived fuel also includes more specialised forms of recovery such as pyrolysis and gasification. Treatment: covers all physico-chemical and biological treatment including anaerobic digestion and composting. Transfer: used for wastes which do not go directly to final disposal, treatment or recovery, these wastes go through a transfer process and may be bulked -up prior to recycling, treatment or disposal in order to reduce transport costs. BENEFITS OF WASTE MINIMIZATION Long- term benefits can be provided by waste minimization. It can assist the attainment of, and improvement on, regulatory requirements firstly. Secondly, it can also provide a company with opportunities to improve profitability by: Realizing specific economic benefits; Reducing liabilities; Promoting a positive public image; Improving the health and safety of employees; Increasing operating efficiency and hence reducing production costs. The implementation of a waste minimization project is likely to incur additional capital investment, which may be rewarded by benefits such as: Reduced on-site waste monitoring, control and treatment costs; Reduced handling, pre-treatment, transport and off-site disposal costs; Reduced waste storage space, thereby creating more space for productive operations; Reduced administrative and paperwork costs associated with waste disposal; Reduced analytical costs for the identification and characterization of specific waste streams; Reduced production costs, including reduced raw material, energy and utility requirements; Reduced risks from handling hazardous materials and hence improved health and safety for employees; Reduced risks for the environment, manifested by the reduction or elimination of liability charges; Reduced risk of breaching authorization, consent or licence conditions and hence reduced risk of prosecution; Improved operating efficiency and process reliability; Improved company image in the eyes of shareholders, employees and the community. Waste minimization projects do not inevitably bring about benefits for occupational health and safety. If the initial generation of waste is reduced then clearly the risks arising from it will certainly be reduced. According to the British marine federation the waste minimization include Cost savings- production costs can be reduced through improved resource efficiency Compliance- a proactive approach ensures that the company minimizes the possibility of litigation and can anticipate requirements of new legislation. Risk reduction- control and reduction of risks and liabilities not only reduce the likelihood of fines and bad publicity but can also boost investor confidence. Market positioning- eco-friendly products can give supply chain confidence and improve customer relations. ABOUT KFC AND POSSIBLE WASTES AT RESTAURANT We can say that KFC is one of the leading organisations in the fast food sector. The annual budget of the restaurant will be nearly 30 millions. Waste generated by the restaurant A lot of food is wasted in the restaurant daily, which may be sometimes due to overproduction. And also food is wasted when the customer returns back with the food saying they didnt like or its not fresh. The food wastage also occurs when the member of staff could not handle it properly during the time of packing. The wastage which can be given second place after the food waste in restaurant is dipping sauces wastage. A lot of paper in the office is also wasted in the form of packing bags and food wrappers. HIERARCHIES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT The various waste management options can be placed in an order known as the waste management hierarchy, which reflects the relative sustainability of each. One of the key principles underlying waste management policy in the UK is to ensure that waste is dealt with as high up the waste management hierarchy as possible. Since all waste disposal options have some impact on the environment, the only way to avoid impact is not to produce waste in the first place, and waste reduction is therefore at the top of the hierarchy. Reuse, followed by recycling and composting follow, while disposal to landfill or by incineration, the worst options, are at the bottom of the hierarchy. The waste management hierarchy can be defined as a set of five options in general dealing with waste. We can say that waste hierarchy is an interpretation of Reduce- Reuse- Recycle. According to sashikumar waste is an inevitable by-product of society. Society must take necessary steps that waste is disposed or recovered without any risk. East European developed waste legislation outlines hierarchy of waste management and principles. Waste management of hierarchy which identifies management options based on their desirability. sashikumar says that one of the most desirable option is waste minimization and prevention of waste generation. The directive requires governments to apply five principles in waste management. The principle of best available technology not involving excessive cost The principle of proximity of treatment and disposal to the source of waste. The principle of self sufficiency in waste disposal Application of polluter pays principle to the disposal of waste to ensure that the cost of waste disposal is borne by the producer-holder Duty of care for producers of waste Waste prevention Reducing the amount or pollution potential of municipal solid waste and the other waste produced in a given area is a preventive action, which means that it is fundamentally different function to waste management proper. It is to be noted that reducing the amount of waste offers many potential benefits such as: Fewer environmental problems with waste management Lower waste management costs Increased conservation More efficient use of resources Increased public confidence in industry and government. Waste reduction One of the most important objectives of the waste management plan has to be prevention and minimization of waste going to the treatment and landfill. The minimization of quantities of waste being treated and disposed to landfills is a challenge that may be addressed through the implementation of an integrated waste management system, which is based on following principles: Prevention and minimization of waste generation Provision of a recycling infrastructure Separate source collection of recyclable components of municipal solid waste Centralized separation of recyclables for mixed waste. Prevention Reuse Recycling Other recovery Disposal Prevention- measures taken before a substance, material or product has become waste, that reduce (a) the quantity of waste, including through the re-use of products or the extension of the life span of products; (b) the adverse impacts of the generated waste on the environment and human health; or (c) the content of harmful substances in materials and products. Re- use- checking, cleaning or repairing recovery operations, by which products or components of such products that have become waste are prepared so that they can be re-used without any other pre-processing Recycling Any recovery operation by which waste materials are reprocessed into products, materials or substances whether for the original or other purposes includes the reprocessing of organic material, but not energy recovery or the reprocessing into materials that are to be used as fuels or backfilling operations Other recovery it normally includes energy recovery

Consider two symbols, which you consider to be important in the novel, :: English Literature

Consider two symbols, which you consider to be important in the novel, and show you have thought about how Golding makes use o Consider two symbols, which you consider to be important in the novel ‘The Lord of the Flies’, and show you have thought about how Golding makes use of them. A symbol is ‘a thing regarded as suggesting something.’ The two objects I have chosen are in my view the most symbolically important in the novel ‘The Lord of the Flies’. Firstly I have chosen the conch. The conch is very significant, as it is the first recognizable object introduced. A conch is a shell, and is described as ‘deep cream, touched here and there with fading pink.’ It is discovered in the first chapter of the book, ‘The Sound of the Shell’ and is used to summon everyone together. Traditionally, the conch was used by the Greek God of the Sea, Triton, to calm or raise the oceans. Similarly, it was used by Ralph to command order, attention and respect from the other boys, although he did not use it intentionally to do this. The boys see it as a symbol of authority, which must be obeyed unquestioningly. When this authority is challenged by Jack in ‘Beast From Water’, and again in ‘Beast From Air’, it is the turning point leading to Ralph’s downfall, and the demise of the conch. ‘ â€Å"Conch! Conch!† shouted Jack. â€Å"We don’t need the conch any more.† ’ Jack is undermining Ralph, merely to disguise his own insecurity. It is at this point that Ralph realises the seriousness of the situation, and is too scared to blow the conch, in case the boys do not regroup. ‘ â€Å"If I blow the conch and they don’t come back; we’ve had it.† ’ The conch is also representative of the boys’ loss of innocence, as this is echoed by the conch losing colour, and losing significance to the boys. When the conch is destroyed, it indicates the destruction of order, and rational thought and behaviour. At the same moment the conch is destroyed, Piggy is killed, which heightens the drama of the situation, and stresses how important it is that the conch has been destroyed. In the microcosm of the island, the boys have virtually no discipline or figure of authority, and so become more and more feral. Jack’s behaviour in this situation shows that people will abuse power if it is not earned. The power that he has corrupts him, and turns him from a bossy schoolboy into a bloodthirsty dictator. At the beginning of the novel, the boys were still subject to their conditioning by

Violent media Images and video games results in violent behavior Essay

Violent Media Images and Video Games Results In Violent Behavior Can violent media images and video games result in violent behavior? The answer is yes. For a few decades now hundreds of researchers have take time to research the relationship of media images and video games to violent behavior in children. In the next few paragraphs I will discuss why media images and video games result in violent behavior in children. This paper will also provide some important factors that adults should know about media images and video game violence. It has been researched that media images and video games can be harmful and damaging to children’s minds. Most children watch 21-23 hours of television per week (Media Violence 1). Within the 21-23 hours of watching TV a week children are looking at 3-5 violent acts per hour (Media Violence 1). â€Å"By the age of 18, the average American child will have viewed about 200,000 acts of violence on television alone† (American Academy). Now imagine being a child and watching 200,000 acts of violence, and not being able tell the difference between real life and fantasy. There are many media images and video games that seem real to young children. Not only are these children confused but they are being traumatized by viewing these images. Media images and video games affect children in many ways. One of the first signs that children begin to depict is aggressiveness. Children begin to portray the acts of violence that they have observed from watc...

Eating Disorders - Womens Magazines and Cinderella Essay -- Argument

Women's Magazines and Cinderella      Ã‚   In the world today much of the literature aimed at the feminine audience keeps us trapped in the role of "Cinderella." We think of ourselves as the poor, helpless, and uncared for woman who needs to be saved. The covers, the advertisements, and most articles in women's magazines reinforce what it means to be an ideal woman in today's society.    Pick up most any feminine magazine in your grocery store today, and it will define for you what it to be feminine in the year 2000. It defines most women as being slim happy wives, with great careers and wonderful children. One example of this journalistic nonsense is the magazine Redbook. The covers read like a map to any woman's (or man's) fairytale life. Headlines like "Burn Fat Faster at 25, 35, 45" (169) and "Perfect Skin: 77 quick tricks"(cover November) encourage us to be the best we can be in his eyes. Another headline tells us why it Rosie O'Donnell may never be slim (cover November). Why should she be? She's perfect, but n... ...f Leslie Jane Seymour, publishers Hearst Communications, Inc.. Redbook advertisement by Virginia Slim volume #192 November 1999, Pg. 12 Virginia Slims advertisement, Editor-in-Chief Leslie Jane Seymour, publishers Hearst Communications, Inc. Sommers, Jeff and Lewiecki-Wilson, Cynthia, From Community to College, Reading and Writing Across Diverse Contexts, authors and published by St. Martin's Press 1996, quote found on pg. 114 in "Listening" an essay by Sey Chassler, published in 1984 in MS. Magazine

Economic development in Saudi Arabia Essay

The topic about economic development has become contentious among many economists in the global scene. The paper focuses on economic development in Saudi Arabia. Discussion about the various concepts and theories about economic development has been introduced. An investigative approach has been applied in the analysis of the various factors affecting the economy of the country. All the theories and aspects of economic development identified have been integrated in the essay by providing a link between theory and practical aspects of the topic. The major emphasis is about the economy of Saudi Arabia (Bourland, para 5-9). Economic development is the establishment of new structures within an economy. Structural changes are brought about by the establishment of new infrastructures and programmes, for example; the condition of health and education in a country, population control policies, and many others. It is the expansion of both macroeconomic and microeconomic aspects of a country and does not focus only on the income of a country. Economic development is measured by the advancement of both private and public sectors in an economy (Arndt, pp. 457-466). Economic development is measured by the use of several parameters such as the improvement on the living standards of the people in a country, new infrastructures being introduced in an economy, increase in the national income and many other factors. Measuring economic growth by the use of one scale may become inefficient since there are many factors affecting the economy and its people. While assessing the aspects of economic development in a country, the main focus is on the long run status of the economy and the changes brought about by the government in a long period of time. Deviations are bound to happen in the short run; that is why the short run period is not adequate enough to measure the economic development of a country (Arndt, pp. 457-466). Background information about Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia covers a geographical area of 1,960,582 million sq. km. and has four cities; Riyadh, Jeddah, Makkah and Dammam. The terrain of the country is mainly a desert with rugged mountains in the southwest. The country experiences an arid climate with extreme temperatures in the interior. At the coast there is high humidity and temperatures. The total population of the country is 28 million with an annual growth rate of 1. 9 percent. The main religion is Islam and the official language is Arabic. The country is known to be the home place of Islam. the culture of the country is conservative and strict Wahhabi interpretations of the laws of Islam are adhered to by the Muslims. The literacy levels have been estimated to be at an average of 78. 8 percent with a great difference between men and women (male 84. 7 percent while female 70. 8 percent). The workforce is composed of 6. 49 million people with 35 percent being foreign workers. Monarchy is the system of government in the country and the constitution is based on the Holy Qur’an (Bureau of Public Affairs, para. 1-4). The kings are selected from the royal family. The king then establishes the government and the ministers to serve in the government. Saudi Arabia has joined World Trade Organization recently to promote trade in the country. The country is also a member of OPEC (Bourland, para 41). Economic development of Saudi Arabia As per the 2008 statistics the economy of Saudi Arabia had a gross domestic product of $527 billion with an annual growth rate of 6. 1 percent. The natural resources of the country are â€Å"Hydrocarbons, gold, uranium, bauxite, coal, iron, phosphate, tungsten, zinc, silver, and copper† (Bureau of Public Affairs, para. 5). Agriculture accounts for a small percent of the economy of the country. The main industries in the country are â€Å"crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals, ammonia, industrial gases, sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), cement, fertilizer, plastics, metals, commercial ship repair, commercial aircraft repair, and construction. † According to Bureau of Public Affairs (para. 5) the exports of the country in 2008 were valued at $364 billion while the imports where valued at $103 billion. In 2009 the exports were worth $180. 5 billion; petroleum and petroleum products accounted for 90 percent of the total exports. The government has established international relations with many countries in the world (Bourland, para 17). U. S. is the leading importer of oil products from Saudi Arabia. In 2008 oil exports were sold as follows â€Å"US 17. 2%, Japan 15. 3%, South Korea 10. 2%, China 9. 4%, India 5. 9%, Taiwan 4. 6%, Singapore 4. 4%. † the country made imports worth $86. 61 billion in 2009. The main imports are machines, equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, automobiles, and textile products. As per the data collected in 2008 the import partners are â€Å"US 12%, China 10. 4%, Japan 7. 6%, Germany 7. 3%, South Korea 5. 1%, Italy 4. 7%, India 4. 5%, UK 4%† (Bourland, para 29). Oil is the dominant economic product produced by the country for local use and export. It accounts for more than 90 percent of the exports of the country and 75 percent of the revenues collected by the government. Oil was discovered in the 1930s and large scale exploitation of the resource was done after World War II. The economic development of the country has been achieved through the sale of oil products to many countries in the world. Saudi Arabia has the largest oil reserves in the world and is the leading producer and exporter in the world. The government has control over all the oil produced in the country (Bureau of Public Affairs, para. 14). The increasing oil prices have made Saudi Arabia achieve fast economic growth and development. The country has enjoyed surplus balance of deficit in trade with other countries. The revenues collected from trade in oil are used to strengthen the defense of the country, carry out development programmes and to assist other Arab and Islamic countries. Saudi Arabia has influenced OPEC to raise the oil prices. This increasing demand for petroleum products is creating a lot of revenues to the country and there have been many expansions in the industries in the country (Bureau of Public Affairs, para. 16). To increase access to many foreign markets the country joined World Trade Organization in 2005. The government has encouraged foreign direct investment in the country to expand most of its industries. The living standards of many people in the country have been uplifted by the income from the sale of oil and its products. The government plans to expand the economy while maintaining its traditional Islamic values and customs (Bureau of Public Affairs, para. 31). The surplus budget of the country has enabled the government improve the education system and job training to its citizens. The infrastructure of the country has been developed to improve the economic activities. The government provides good wages and salaries to its employees to promote the living standards of the people (Bourland, para 13). Saudi Arabia has successfully entered the business world. According to World Bank Group (para, 1-6) â€Å"the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has been rated as the 13th most economically competitive country in the world, according to the International Finance Corporation (IFC)-World Bank annual â€Å"Doing Business† report issued for 2010. † The government has enacted several reforms in many sectors of the economy to open up the market of the country to external investors. This has attracted many investors and the country is experiencing rapid growth in the business sector. The country has been ranked as the best in terms of business activities in the entire Middle East as well as in the Arab World (Bureau of Public Affairs, para. 51). International relationship with other countries has been improved to maintain peace in the region and to avoid conflicts which may affect the economy of the country. The government has established several embassies with foreign countries. Saudi Arabia has maintained good relationship with US for a long period of time. The two countries have been trade partners and they exchange products as well as other resources. U. S. has been the major importer of oil products from the country. Europe and Japan have also been good trade partners with Saudi Arabia and trade has been facilitated through establishment of agreements and negotiations. To maintain peace in the region, the Saudia government funds security agents to keep peace in the neighboring countries as well as other Arab countries (Bureau of Public Affairs, para. 19-25). The good relationship between U. S. and Saudia government has promoted security in the country. For example, â€Å"the United States has sold Saudi Arabia military aircraft (F-15s, AWACS, and UH-60 Blackhawks), air defense weaponry (Patriot and Hawk missiles), armored vehicles (M1A2 Abrams tanks and M-2 Bradley infantry fighting vehicles), and other equipment† (Bureau of Public Affairs, para 33-41). The Saudia armed forces is supported with weapons and training facilities by the U. S. government. The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers were used in the construction of military and civilian structures in the country. U. S. has promised to sell advanced defense military equipment to members of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). This is a strategy to improve self-defense of the members of GCC (Bureau of Public Affairs, para. 26-31). The economic development of Saudia continues to be affected by poor policies about human rights practices. Discrimination against women has remained a great challenge to the government. Ethnic and religious minorities are also not favored by the policies of the country. There are restrictions on freedom of speech and this has caused a global concern over the rights of the people to express themselves freely in the country. The press has been closely monitored by the government and strict rules have been placed to hinder spread of some information about the government. Several cases of abuse of prisoners have been reported as well as detention to citizens who are not guilty. Other human rights issues affecting the country are suppression of the rights of the workers, and the denial to change the government by the citizens. Since economic development is not only measured in terms of the GDP; the country is still lagging behind towards achieving success in the promotion of the economy (Bureau of Public Affairs, para. 32-40). The increasing population in the country is creating a great threat to the economy of the country. As the population increases more strain is placed upon the resources of the country. If the trend is not reversed the country will have inadequate resources to cater for the needs of its people. The excess control of the government to the private sector is creating threat to expansion of the private investments in the country. Foreign investors fear the strict policies established by the government upon the private investment. The system of the government also restricts growth and development of the economy since the kings come from the royal family. A democratic system of government is better since it encourages competition and good performance. Such a system increases the freedom of the people to express themselves and also provides rights to the citizens (Bourland, para 34). The global economic recession of 2007-2009 and its impacts on Saudi Arabia The economy of Saudi Arabia was affected by the global recession experienced by the world economies in 2007-2009. An estimated growth rate of -0. 6 percent in 2009 was achieved due to the poor performance of the global economies. 5 percent inflation rate was registered in the year 2009. Unemployment in the FY 2009 was estimated to be 11. 6 percent among Saudi males. The public debt of the country increased to 20. 3 percent in 2009 while the revenues declined to $167. 7 billion the same year. The public expenditure increased to $164. 3 billion in 2009. The economic recession can be traced from the subprime mortgages of the US. The banking sector in US issued many loans to subprime mortgage intermediaries. Due to the expanding market in the sub prime mortgage markets, many banks issued unsecured loans to the intermediaries. The climax of the boom was reached in 2007 when the prices of products started to increase and many subprime mortgage lenders were unable to repay their loans. This led to massive default of debts and banks registered huge losses. This reduced the lending capacity of many banks. The resulting effect was lack of credit in the economy and the collapse of many companies (Stapledon, pp. 29). Sub prime mortgages are policies which have a high risk of default. Subprime borrowers are the people with low incomes and have a poor credit history. They have higher risk of default compared to the prime borrowers. The US government had deregulated the real estate mortgages leading to massive investment in subprime mortgages. This caused the risky lending of subprime mortgages. The subprime mortgages were not popular initially but they became widely used in the 1990s. The climax of the sub prime mortgages was in 2006 when they accounted for more than 21 percent of all mortgages traded in the US market. The value of subprime mortgages in 2006 was valued at $600 billion. Many subprime mortgage intermediaries were established to reap the benefits of the expanding industry (Helleiner, pp. 44). Since the US is a major export partner to Saudi Arabia, a ripple effect of the economic crisis was felt in the country. Other economies were also affected and Saudi Arabia experienced declining exports for oil products. The imports purchased by the country were affected by global inflation and the country’s budget increased. Other economies declined since they had no market for their goods and Saudi Arabia reduced the oil exports. The entire world encountered economic crisis which resulted into failure by all sectors of the economy in the world (Stapledon, pp. 63). High levels of unemployment were experienced as industries closed down. International trade was affected by the economic crisis and this affected all sources of employment leading to high levels of unemployment. Poverty increased and the living standards of many people declined. Family incomes were low and the people barely survived through the hard economic period. The low incomes that people had could not buy the products in the market due to high rates of inflation. In the global economies, the crisis was at the peak in July 2008 but afterwards, it started to decline. The decline of the crisis started towards the beginning of 2009. The economy of Saudi Arabia has started to regain from the crisis. The economy has not yet recovered and a lot of investment is required to regain the normal economic situation as before. It will take a lot of time for the economy of the country to recover completely from the impacts of the crisis (Helleiner, pp. 35). Current strategies The government has introduced new strategies to promote economic recovery from the economic recession experienced in the recent past. The government of Saudi Arabia is encouraging private investors to extend investment in other sectors of the economy to avoid overdependence on oil. Only ten percent of the industries are non-oil manufacturing in Saudi Arabia. This sector provides employment to about six percent of the working population. This condition has been identified as risky and urgent measures have been adopted to reverse the trend especially after the global recession experienced in the country last year. The economic crisis affected the country due to over-dependence on oil as the main economic product. Other sectors have been neglected and this has created a major risk to the economy of the country. The government has permitted private and foreign investors to participate in telecom and power generation industries. Foreign direct investment has been encouraged by the government to increase the economic activities in the country as well as provide employment to more people (Bourland, para 38). Conclusion Economic development measures to changes in the structures, population, and the welfare of the people living in a country. The economy of Saudi Arabia has developed tremendously over the years due to the wealth of natural resources bestowed upon the country. Oil and other petroleum products are the main economic products produced and exported by the country. The country has established good relationship with other countries. It participates in trade with several countries. The government has offered assistance to neighboring countries and other Arab countries in terms of finances, peacekeeping and other aspects. The over-dependence on oil and petroleum products has placed the economy of the country at a great risk. Diversification in the economic activities has been encouraged to provide a better position in the turbulent global markets. Saudi Arabia has been adversely affected by the global economic crisis due to over-reliance on oil as the main economic product. The progress towards achieving success in economic development in the country has been hindered by the poor human rights practices experienced in the country. Work cited Arndt, H. W. Economic Development: A Semantic History. â€Å"Economic Development and Cultural Change. † Vol. 29, No. 3. (Apr. , 1981), pp. 457-466. Chicago: The Chicago University Press. Bourland, Brad. The Saudi Economy’s Golden Era: Phase Two. Saudi-US Relations Information Service. August 24, 2007. Brummer, A. â€Å"Turbulence Ahead; the Global Credit Crunch Has Hardly Begun to Bite: Much Worse Is to Come. Alex Brummer Predicts That 2008 Will Present Labor with by Far Its Sternest Economic Test†. New Statesman. Jan 7, 2008. Volume: 137. Issue: 4878. Bureau of Public Affairs. â€Å"Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. † Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. April 2010. Retrieved May 3, 2010 from; Stapledon, N. , â€Å"Housing and the Global Financial Crisis: US versus Australia. Economic and Labor Relations Review. July 2009Volume: 19. Issue: 2. World Bank Group, Doing Business. 2010. Retrieved May 3, 2010 from;

Life without IT

Dad, you always say, â€Å"Ah†¦back then when I was a lil' boy†¦there were no computers, cell phones or video games. Tsk! You young lads have all of 'em now, eh? We kids back then had to send letters, had to listen for our mothers' call to have dinner, and we were fit and healthy as a horse! Humph! You just don't know how much fun you are missin'†¦Ã¢â‚¬  My, my, here we go again. What did I say about those â€Å"when I was a lil' boy† stories! Come on dad! You're so old school! Seriously dad, how can you possibly live without information technology? Now it's considered a basic necessity to have emails and websites, and be able to call, text and access anyone and anything at all times. Imagine how desperate you would be if you deliberately left the house without any technologies at hand. Just for one good day†¦I bet you'll probably cry for help. Okay, okay. That might be bit of exaggerating, but still, you'll be desperate; trust me. Computers, cell phones (well, not to mention video games) replaced life as we knew it. Is there any turning back? No way! They've already claimed the entire generation. Dating back to the 1450s, why did Johann Gutenburg invent the movable metal printing process? Well, to start the Printing Evolution and make printing books a hit! Why did Alexander Graham Bell invent the telephone? Obviously, to make it much easier for us to communicate with each other over long distances! All of the technologies we see and use today are crucial to us. Without them, I know that our lives would be simpler but what about â€Å"One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind†? Dad, I'm not trying to criticize for thinking that your childhood or whatsoever is the best. I agree that life can also be superb if there were no advanced technologies. But since we live in the â€Å"Information Age†, information technology has become a part of our everyday lives, and we must admit that it really improves our quality of living. We must live our lives with information technology and accept new things or we'll be cavemen. So dad, how do you like your i-Pad I bought for you? Cool, eh? See? I told you so; you JUST can't ignore and resist the new generation of I.T.!

Anti Terrorism

Philosophical arguments Retribution Supporters of the death penalty argued that death penalty is morally justified when applied in murder especially with aggravating elements such as multiple homicide, child murder, torture murder and mass killing such as [terrorism], massacre, or genocide. Some even argue that not applying death penalty in latter cases is patently unjust. This argument is strongly defended by New York law professor Robert Blecker [4], who says that the punishment must be painful in proportion to the crime.It would be unfair that those who have committed these horrible crimes stay alive, even incarcerated. Abolitionists argue that retribution is simply revenge and cannot be condoned. Others while accepting retribution as an element of criminal justice nonetheless argue that life without parole is a sufficient substitute. Human rights Abolitionists believe capital punishment is the worst violation of human rights, because the right to life is the most important, and j udicial execution violates it without necessity and inflicts to the condemned a psychological torture.Albert Camus wrote in a 1956 book called â€Å"Reflections on the Guillotine, Resistance, Rebellion & Death†: An execution is not simply death. It is just as different from the privation of life as a concentration camp is from prison. [†¦ ] For there to be an equivalency, the death penalty would have to punish a criminal who had warned his victim of the date at which he would inflict a horrible death on him and who, from that moment onward, had confined him at his mercy for months. Such a monster is not encountered in private life. 5] This view contradicts classic natural rights doctrine, which stresses that the right to life can be forfeited by grave misbehavior. [3] Practical arguments Wrongful execution Main article: Wrongful execution Capital punishment is often opposed on the grounds that innocent people will inevitably be executed. Supporters of capital punishment object that these lives have to be weighed against the far more numerous innocent people whose lives can be saved if the murderers are deterred by the prospect of being executed. [6] Between 1973 and 2005, 123 people in 25 states were released from death row when new evidence of their innocence emerged. 7] However, statistics likely understate the actual problem of wrongful convictions because once an execution has occurred there is often insufficient motivation and finance to keep a case open, and it becomes unlikely at that point that the miscarriage of justice will ever be exposed. Another issue is the quality of the defense in a case where the accused has a public defender. The competence of the defense attorney â€Å"is a better predictor of whether or not someone will be sentenced to death than the facts of the crime†. 8] Also, improper procedure may result in unfair executions. For example, Amnesty International argues that, in Singapore, â€Å"the Misuse of Drugs Act contains a series of presumptions which shift the burden of proof from the prosecution to the accused. This conflicts with the universally guaranteed right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty†. [9] This refers to a situation when someone is being caught with drugs. In this situation, in almost any jurisdiction, the prosecution has a prima facie case. Racial and gender factors in the United StatesAfrican Americans, though they currently make up only 12 percent of the general population, have made up 41 percent of death row inmates and 34 percent of those actually executed since 1976. [10] According to Craig Rice, a black member of the Maryland state legislature: â€Å"The question is, are more people of color on death row because the system puts them there or are they committing more crimes because of unequal access to education and opportunity? The way I was raised, it was always to be held accountable for your actions. â€Å"[11] As of 2010, women account for only 1. % (55 people) of inmates on death row, with men accounting for the other 98. 3% (3206). Since 1976, only 1. 0% (12) of those executed were women. [12] Deterrence The existence of a deterrence effect is disputed. Studies-especially older ones-differ as to whether executions deter other potential criminals from committing murder or other crimes. One reason that there is no general consensus on whether or not the death penalty is a deterrent is that it is used so rarely – only about one out of every 300 murders actually results in an execution. In 2005 in the Stanford Law Review, John J.Donohue III, a law professor at Yale with a doctorate in economics, and Justin Wolfers, an economist at the University of Pennsylvania, wrote that the death penalty â€Å"†¦ is applied so rarely that the number of homicides it can plausibly have caused or deterred cannot reliably be disentangled from the large year-to-year changes in the homicide rate caused by other factors†¦ The e xisting evidence for deterrence†¦ is surprisingly fragile. † Wolfers stated, â€Å"If I was allowed 1,000 executions and 1,000 exonerations, and I was allowed to do it in a random, focused way, I could probably give you an answer. [13] Naci Mocan, an economist at Louisiana State University, authored a study that looked at all 3,054 U. S. counties over two decades, and concluded that each execution saved five lives. Mocan stated, â€Å"I personally am opposed to the death penalty†¦ But my research shows that there is a deterrent effect. â€Å"[13] Joanna M. Shepherd, a law professor at Emory with a doctorate in economics who was involved in several studies on the death penalty, stated, â€Å"I am definitely against the death penalty on lots of different grounds†¦But I do believe that people respond to incentives. † Shepherd found that the death penalty had a deterrent effect only in those states that executed at least nine people between 1977 and 1996. In the Michigan Law Review in 2005, Shepherd wrote, â€Å"Deterrence cannot be achieved with a half-hearted execution program. â€Å"[13] The question of whether or not the death penalty deters murder usually revolves around the statistical analysis. Studies have produced disputed results with disputed significance. 14] Some studies have shown a positive correlation between the death penalty and murder rates[15] – in other words, they show that where the death penalty applies, murder rates are also high. This correlation can be interpreted in either that the death penalty increases murder rates by brutalizing society, or that higher murder rates cause the state to retain or reintroduce the death penalty. However, supporters and opponents of the various statistical studies, on both sides of the issue, argue that correlation does not imply causation.The case for a large deterrent effect of capital punishment has been significantly strengthened since the 1990s, as a wave of so phisticated econometric studies have exploited a newly-available form of data, so-called panel data. [6] Most of the recent studies demonstrate statistically a deterrent effect of the death penalty. [16] However, critics claim severe methodological flaws in these studies and hold that the empirical data offer no basis for sound statistical conclusions about the deterrent effect. 17] Surveys and polls conducted in the last 15 years show that some police chiefs and others involved in law enforcement may not believe that the death penalty has any deterrent effect on individuals who commit violent crimes. In a 1995 poll of randomly selected police chiefs from across the U. S. , the officers rank the death penalty last as a way of deterring or preventing violent crimes. They ranked it behind many other forms of crime control including reducing drug abuse and use, lowering technical barriers when prosecuting, putting more officers on the streets,and making prison sentences longer.They res ponded that a better economy with more jobs would lessen crime rates more than the death penalty[18] In fact, only one percent of the police chiefs surveyed thought that the death penalty was the primary focus for reducing crime. [19] However, the police chiefs surveyed were more likely to favor capital punishment than the general population. In addition to statistical evidence, psychological studies examine whether murderers think about the consequences of their actions before they commit a crime.Most homicides are spur-of-the-moment, spontaneous, emotionally impulsive acts. Murderers do not weigh their options very carefully in this type of setting (Jackson 27). It is very doubtful that killers give much thought to punishment before they kill (Ross 41). But some say the death penalty must be enforced even if the deterrent effect is unclear, like John McAdams, who teaches political science at Marquette University : â€Å"If we execute murderers and there is in fact no deterrent ef fect, we have killed a bunch of murderers.If we fail to execute murderers, and doing so would in fact have deterred other murders, we have allowed the killing of a bunch of innocent victims. I would much rather risk the former. This, to me, is not a tough call. â€Å"[20] This may be construed as contradicting the traditional legal view of Blackstone and the 12th Century legal scholar Maimonides whose oft-cited maxim is: â€Å"It is better and more satisfactory to acquit a thousand guilty persons than to put a single innocent one to death. Maimonides argued that executing a defendant on anything less than absolute certainty would lead to a slippery slope of decreasing burdens of proof, until we would be convicting merely â€Å"according to the judge's caprice. † Caprice of various sorts are more visible now with DNA testing, and digital computer searches and discovery requirements opening DA's files. Maimonides' concern was maintaining popular respect for law, and he saw er rors of commission as much more threatening than errors of omission. [21] Cass R.Sunstein and Adrian Vermeule, both of Harvard law school, however, have argued that if there is a deterrent effect it will save innocent lives, which gives a life-life tradeoff. â€Å"The familiar problems with capital punishment—potential error, irreversibility, arbitrariness, and racial skew—do not argue in favor of abolition, because the world of homicide suffers from those same problems in even more acute form. † They conclude that â€Å"a serious commitment to the sanctity of human life may well compel, rather than forbid, that form of punishment. â€Å"[6] Use of the death penalty on plea bargainSupporters of the death penalty, especially those who do not believe in the deterrent effect of the death penalty, say the threat of the death penalty could be used to urge capital defendants to plead guilty, testify against accomplices, or disclose the location of the victim's body. Norman Frink, a senior deputy district attorney in the state of Oregon, considers capital punishment a valuable tool for prosecutors. The threat of death leads defendants to enter plea deals for life without parole or life with a minimum of 30 years—-the two other penalties, besides death, that Oregon allows for aggravated murder. 22] In a plea agreement reached with Washington state prosecutors, Gary Ridgway, a Seattle-area man who admitted to 48 murders since 1982 accepted a sentence of life in prison without parole. Prosecutors spared Ridgway from execution in exchange for his cooperation in leading police to the remains of still-missing victims. [23][24][25] Cost Recent studies show that executing a criminal costs more than life imprisonment does. Many states have found it cheaper to sentence criminals to life in prison than to go through the time-consuming and bureaucratic process of executing a convicted criminal.Donald McCartin, an Orange County, California Jurist fam ous for sending nine men to death row during his career, has said, â€Å"It's 10 times more expensive to kill [criminals] than to keep them alive. † [26] This exclamation is actually low according to a June 2011 study by former death penalty prosecutor and federal judge Arthur L. Alarcon, and law professor Paula Mitchell. According to Alarcon and Mitchell, California has spent $4 billion on the death penalty since 1978, and death penalty trials are 20 times more expensive than trials seeking a sentence of life in prison without possibility of parole. 27] Death penalty proponents disagree, saying the study claiming the costs of the death penalty outweigh implementing life without parole is prepared by an anti-death penalty. [28] When califonians voters voted in 2012 about proposition 34, which aimed to abolish the death penalty, the cost was the main argument of proponents of the proposition in theirs TV ads, and was also written on the ballot. The argument may have convinced some death penalty supporters, but the proposition was rejeted with 53% of the vote against it